Saturday, February 7, 2009

projek

Figure 1. Simple LED Voltmeter Circuit Diagram

This circuit is for a simple LED 'bar graph' voltmeter. Each op-amp of the 339 quad operational amplifier is used as a comparator for comparing the input voltage Vin against a corresponding voltage level that's a fixed proportion of the power supply (9V in this case). The voltage levels to which the input voltage is compared may be adjusted through R1.

By default, all the LED's are off because the outputs of all 339 op amps are 'high', since each non-inverting input voltage is higher than the corresponding inverting input voltage. As the input voltage rises, it exceeds the threshold voltage set for each op amp one by one, making the corresponding op amp's output low and lighting its LED. Thus, more and more

LED's are lighted up as the input voltage rises. More LED's may be added by adding more op-amps connected in a similar manner. Of course, other op-amps may be used for this circuit too.

ee reference


Intro to Electronics

Basic Terminology

Passive Devices

Active Devices

Reactance (X)

Impedance (Z)

Intro to Digital Electronics

Intro to Analog Electronics

Passive Electronic Devices

Resistance (R)

Resistor Color Coding

Capacitance (C)

Self-Inductance (L)

Capacitance Equations

Inductance Equations

Crystal Oscillators

Active Electronic Devices

p-n Junction

Junction Diode

The Diode Curve

Light-Emitting Diode

Zener Diode

Bipolar Transistor

Vcb-Ic Curves

Vce-Ic Curves

JFET / MOSFET

Si-Controlled Rectifier / Triac

The 555 Diagram / Operation

Analog Electronics

Analog Electronics

Measuring R, L, C

Electronic Amplifiers

Types of Amplifiers

Amplifier Classes

Negative Feedback

Resonance & Q Factor

Low-Pass Filters

High-Pass Filters

Band-Pass Filters

Band-Stop Filters

The Schmitt Trigger

The BJT as a Switch

BJT Switch Circuits

The Darlington Pair

The Long-Tailed Pair

Bridge Circuits

- Wheatstone Bridge

- Wien Bridge

- Schering Bridge

- Hay Bridge

- Owen Bridge

- Maxwell Bridge

- Resonance Bridge

Basic Internal Circuit of an Op Amp

2-Op-Amp Differential Amplification

Digital Electronics

Digital Electronics

Digital Logic Gates

RTL / DTL / TTL

Tri-State Output Circuit

TTL-to-CMOS Interfacing Techniques

CMOS-to-TTL Interfacing Techniques

Op Amp-Digital Interfacing

Level-Shifting Opto-Isolator Circuits

Opto-Coupling of Logic Gates

Driving Relays/LEDs with TTL/CMOS

Switch Debouncing with NAND Gates

Switch Debouncing with NOR Gates

Boolean Algebra

de Morgan's Theorem

Circuit Analysis Principles

Ohm's Law

Kirchoff's Current Law

Kirchoff's Voltage Law

Superposition Principle

Thevenin's Theorem

Norton's Theorem

Millman's Theorem

Communications Electronics

The Simplest Transmitter

The Simplest Receiver

Impedance Matching

Impedance Matching Networks

Simple Amplitude Modulator

Op Amp-based Amplitude Modulator

Frequency Converters or Mixers

Doppler Effect

Antenna Formulas

AM Equations

FM Equations

Squelch Circuit

IC Product Families

Digital Logic Gates

Flip-flops and Latches

Shift Registers

Digital Counters

Encoders/ Decoders

Static RAMs (SRAMs)

Dynamic RAMs (DRAMs)

EPROMs

Flash Memory

Microprocessors

Operational Amplifiers

Instrumentation Amps

Digital-Analog Converters

Analog-Digital Converters

Digital Signal Processors

Voltage Regulators

Analog Switches

Power Management IC's

Optocouplers/Isolators

Waveform Generators

Phase-Locked Loop IC's

Accelerometers

Charge-Coupled Devices

DC Motor Controllers

Stepper Motor Controllers

Servo Motor Controllers

Application-Specific IC's

Computer Topics

What is TCP/IP?

See Also:

Circuits for Projects

Reference Tables

ECE Math

Component Selection Tables

津贴

最高元首及各州苏丹津贴一览

霹雳变天,苏丹的忽然走皇宫走到政治的前线,主宰政局的命运!
许多人对王室成员的印象忽然深刻起来!
王室的津贴是依照Akta Peruntukan Diraja 1982执行的
在此将各王室的津贴一览给大家参考以及长长知识


最高元首每个月的私用金是RM52000,元首后则是是RM7400,不包括州苏丹的津贴。

最高元首津贴
1. Privy Purse - RM360,000 (每月 RM30,000).
2. Elaun keraian - RM120,000 (每月 RM10,000)
3. Elaun diraja Istana Negara - RM144,000 (每月RM12,000)

总数RM52,000.

最高元首后津贴
1. Privy Purse - RM67,200 (iaitu RM5,600 sebulan).
2. Elaun keraian - RM21,600 (RM1,800 sebulan).

Total sebulan Permaisuri Agong dapat ialah RM7,400.


此外最高元首每年可获得5千3百万的招待、聘请员工等津贴!


1. Perbelanjaan istana dan sambutan tetamu - RM52,259,100
2. Gaji kakitangan istana - RM1,004,880
3. Bounty Diraja, pemberian dan khidmat khas - RM50,000


————————————————————————————————————————


州苏丹的私用金,每个州各有不用,但也差不了多少,以下是吉打苏丹为例:
吉打苏丹每月约6万8千!苏丹后是RM14,600.

州苏丹

1. Elaun Sultan - RM52,600
2. Elaun keraian Sultan = RM15,480每月
总数RM68,080.每月

苏丹后

1. Elaun Sultanah - RM12,000 sebulan
2. Elaun peribadi Sultanah - RM2,600 sebulan.


其他
Raja Muda - RM13,000
Raja Puan Muda - RM5,200
Tunku Bendahara - RM4,000
Bini Tunku Bendahara - RM1,250
Tunku Temenggung - RM3,500
Isteri Tunku Temenggung - RM900
Tunku Laksamana - RM3,000
Isteri Tunku Laksamana - RM600


还有皇亲国戚也有津贴
比如苏丹孩子每月1000块,血缘远一点的亲戚(不是苏丹孩子)称为第二级亲戚,每月有500块津贴。


资料来源:
http://bual.blogmas.com/2007/10/19/elaun-agong-permaisuri-sultan-menteri/
http://www.parlimen.gov.my/actindex/pdf/a269m.pdf

Thursday, February 5, 2009

人格就这样便宜








郑丁贤‧天下大不讳

评论:郑丁贤‧天下大不讳佳礼部落客b0Q4W|#J ip:_M
2009-02-05 20:16

!z'E1[S#lR193850 佳礼部落客%K^7u%SW1JO&[eJ
最终,这个女人耍了狠:寧可我负天下人,休教天下人负我。
6L0dVI*rH|193850
+g!nf%ZH�e"L:aa193850 这是曹操深沉的性格,也是人性最阴狠的部份。难怪,古代读书人警告说,少不读三国,免得受坏人影响,头壳也坏掉。佳礼部落客1VzA$Ntm
佳礼部落客)`lIwO(L
为了达到目的,可以不择手段,即使害人误事,都不成为问题;最重要的,就是自己。佳礼部落客:w)d6KIh3| `:|

TW:s[#bU193850 自己,是无限放大,比所有人,一切价值、道德和操守,都更加重要。
_s8Tv5hFH y193850
"GW _H%`Cn)C193850 目的,可能是权位、金钱,或者,纯粹是要报復。
|.D g RF K"tQ193850 佳礼部落客a6cd*ENCld6ev
两者凑起来,可以让一个人不忠不义,无情无爱。佳礼部落客/P^r7~Y q#K
佳礼部落客1[iwc5dN+w8YT!E
如果自己得不到,就把一切给摧毁,別人休想可以得到。
F4u,s1E%bbC t193850
%jhIG4m&K&Q193850 於是,她一手摧毁了霹雳民联州政府。佳礼部落客Em M6r3PA
佳礼部落客(}:ZifmwP b
她可以对不起所有人;但是,她不能让任何人对不起她。佳礼部落客9s:n O+th
佳礼部落客3J UF\0I1V bs
一开始,她要的是州行政议员的位子,但是,横看竖看,秤一秤她的斤两,论学歷、看能力,怎么也轮不到她。州政府不是马戏班,不能请小丑做经理。
$hSi/x| yf193850
@K7H9rj { a193850 但是,还是给了她一个副议长的职位,希望能够安抚她。然而,她嫌有位无权力,有车无司机。佳礼部落客gln:O+A6Z3Q&{
佳礼部落客!KD'rZ;S? W5[V!d7\
她处心积虑,不时放火放炮,意图引起注意。“同样是州议员,到哪里做都可以。”佳礼部落客0}NA$ycM

o-tP%f1B193850 她把人民代议士的职务,当著家里的摇椅,要怎么摇,摇到哪里都可以。
Lg(Si!d#k L193850 佳礼部落客"Y#N0M L"u9o2N!c
她把人民当傻子,全天下都在找她时,她说回老家、生病、没开手机。
D/\�Z I2b193850 佳礼部落客W|w5\ |hj
她在人民面前扮可怜──“我在行动党20几年,对党有太多不捨,从来没有想过要跳槽。”
JJ?/xV_,W5f193850
:GS1K$G5fN@t193850 一切都是骗局。到了最后,她露出真面目。佳礼部落客&j;C6y%U/~z"z
佳礼部落客$J\j&Zi v6D6W7Tb
或许,她真的可以实现行政议员的美梦。
W.de3hY1Qg-A"Z$akw193850
*HF-f!G._ F0?193850 但是,她冒了天下之大不讳,来达到目的。
,W\'P$A:d9zRe193850 佳礼部落客-q[\-]*]&@DPb0l
除非,有一天世界不再有是非、道德和真理;否则,她將是一个洗刷不掉的污点。
;}VuJb$l}1?3gn&X193850
7n(mvxZ`J,w3|193850 http://opinions.sinchew-i.com/node/8648?tid=5佳礼部落客x`q6t�l.c(D

m+d_m&k#aT*PIx{7o193850 星洲日报/夜雨晨风‧作者:郑丁贤‧2009.02.05
%{)w T[0g[R193850
Et ]:E1q$aa`193850 后来在《独立新闻在线》看到这幅图:佳礼部落客9W-A N0i\#N
佳礼部落客csY'eWL

NYy]z [2o193850 佳礼部落客FNs4[Q0kev l
http://www.merdekareview.com/news.php?n=8705

By-elections: EC to meet, MB gets 'royal approval'
Feb 2, 09 10:50am

In an unprecedented midnight press conference, Perak Mentri Besar Mohamad Nizar Jamaluddin told journalists that the sultan had agreed to by-elections in the two recently 'vacant' state seats.
MCPX

nizar jamaluddin 100 days interview 180608 09Mohamad Nizar (right) had a 25-minute audience with the Perak sultan at Istana Kinta this morning but declined to speak to reporters after the meeting on what had transpired.

His decision to hastily reveal his discussion with the sultan is possibly aimed to pressure the Election Commission to agreed to the by-elections when it meets tomorrow.

Mohamad Nizar said that he had shown the resignation letters of Behrang state assemblyperson Jamaluddin Mat Radzi and Changkat Jering state assemblyperson Osman Jailu to the Perak sultan.

Earlier today, Perak assembly speaker V Sivakumar officially informed the state election commission chief of the vacancy of the two state seats.

V SivakumarYesterday Sivakumar (left) announced that the seats have become vacant after two incumbents had tendered their resignation with immediate effect.

Both Jamaluddin and Osman have however challenged the resignation letters, insisting that they had not stepped down and that they remain as state representatives.

The PKR duo have been widely speculated to be in the midst of defecting to Barisan Nasional.

This morning Sivakumar met with Perak EC chief Ahmad Adli Abdullah to officially hand in a letter, requesting by-elections for the two seats.

The by-elections, pending any legal complications arising out of the validity of the two resignation letters, must now be held within 60 days.

Letter sent to Putrajaya

Meanwhile Ahmad Adli confirmed to Bernama of receiving the letter from Sivakumar.

He added that he would be handing the letter to EC chairperson Abdul Aziz Mohd Yusof for further action.

He also did not comment to questions if the seat vacations were valid in light of a dispute over the legality of the resignation letters. He said he would leave the matter to the EC head to decide.

"Today is a public holiday in Putrajaya (in conjunction with the Federal Territories Day). I think we can expect a decision tomorrow," he said.

kuala terengganu by election 170109 abdul aziz yusofMeanwhile, EC chairperson Abdul Aziz (left) said the commission would meet tomorrow to determine the status of the duo.

He said the meeting would discuss various aspects including the legal perspective since there were obvious contradictions of facts to the extent of creating confusion.

"I have not received the resignation letters mentioned because the office is closed for the holiday but I have contacted the Perak EC director who informs me that he has received the resignation letters of the two assemblypersons and also letters denying their resignation," he told Bernama.

http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/97381

Tuesday, January 27, 2009

Switching Converters

Switching Converters

The PDF files can be viewed using the Adobe Acrobat Reader which may be downloaded here.

A word from Dr. Ray Ridley may tell us a thousand words on switching converters.

"To those new to switching power supplies, the inevitable question comes up: Look, your circuit has one power FET, one diode and a few comparators with some logic. Why can't you run a simulation and go straight to a production board? The IC guys can do it, simulating 100,000 transistors or more, so WHAT'S THE PROBLEM? It's a good question. The answer is complex, and some of the reasons are presented below. But the reality is that there is no simulation program available that is going to do this for you. It will also not be available in the foreseeable future, regardless of your budget for computers, software, and an engineer to run them."

Keywords for Internet Searching: Power Electronics, DC-DC Converter, Switch-mode Power Supply, Inverter, Rectifier, Power Factor Correction, PWM IC controller, Voltage Mode Control, Current Mode Control, Sliding Mode Control, Electrical Machines and Drives, PSpice, Matlab, Mosfet Gate Driver, SG3524, SG3525, UC3842, UC3843, UC3846, UC3854, UC3848, MUR820, IRF840, IRF540, IRF9540, 2N2222, 2N2907, 1N4148, TL431, LM311, LF356, IR2110, IR2112, TC4426, TC4427, TC4428, 4N25

What is Power Electronics? 1, 2, 3

USEFULL LINKS

1. Power Electronics Center, University of Colorado ; Publications
2. Power electronics Center, University of Central Florida; Publications
3. Power Electronics Group, Ben Gurion University; Publications
4. Power Electronics Lab, University California Irvine, Publications
5. University of Padova, Italy Simone Buso, Publications
6. University of Padova, Italy Giorgio Spiazi, Publications
7. Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Publications
8. Delta Power Electronics Lab, Publications
9. Christophe Basso, ON Semiconductor, Publications
10. Venable Industries, Publications
11. Byungcho Choi, Korea, Publications
12. Armando W. Cavero Miranda, Publications
13. Power Electronic Notes
14. Our selected Material
15. Link to Links


Power Electronics Contributors:

This List is far from completed...

1. Middllebrook, The State Space Averaged, Current Mode Control
2. R. W. Erickson: Switch Averaged Model, Book in Power Electronics, Publications
3. VatcheVorperian: PWM Switch Model,
4. Sam Ben Yaacov: The SIM Model,
5. V. G. Bello: The Averaged SPICE Model,


6. G. Verghese: Control, Current Mode Control, Book in Power electronics 1 , 2, 3
7. Ray Ridley: Current Mode control, Switching Power Magazine, Frequency Response Analyzer
8. Fred C. Lee: Switching Converters, Soft-switching, Charge control.
9. Joachim Holtz: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Publications
10. Dragan Maksimovic: Nonlinear Carrier Controller (NCC), Publications
11. Chrisstophe Basso: PWM Controller IC Model for SPICE, SMPS's Cookbook
12. Muhammad Harun Rashid: Pspice Application in Power Electronics, Book
13. Slobodan Cuk: Cuk Converter, One Cycle Control


14. P. T. Krein: Geometry Control, Book in Power Electronics
15. Ned Mohan: Book in Power Electronics, Book in Drives, Notes
16. Malik El-Buluk: Fuzzy Logic Application in Drives
17. Bimal. K. Bose: Book in AC Machine Drives
18. Peter Vas: Fuzzy Logic in Drives: Book in Field Oriented Control, , 2
19. Ward Leonhard: Book in Field Oriented Control
20. I. Takahashi: Direct Torque Control


21. Keyue Smedlley: One Cycle Control, Power Factor Correction
22. Vadim Utkin: Sliding Mode Control Application in Power Electronics,
23. Asif Sabanovic: Sliding Mode Control Application in converters
24. Karel Jazernik: Sliding Mode Control Application in inverters
25. Giorgio Spiazi, Simone Buso: Sliding Mode Control in converters, PFC, Publications
26. B. W. William: Snubber, Snuberless, Soft-switching, Book in Power Electronics.
27. Ramesh Oruganti: Resonant Converters
28. Marian Kaziemierzuk: Book in Resonant Converters, Circuit Averaged Model
29. Rudy Severns: Switching Converter Topology Classifications, Power Electronics History
30. Jerrold Foutz: Switching Converters Homepage

More... Who is who in PE


Manufacturers Related to Power Electronics
Softwares
1. Saber, analogy , Literatures
2. Pspice, Cadence , Literatures
3. Ispice, Intusoft, Literatures
4. Caspoc, Power Electronics and Control Simulator Caspoc Manual
5. (PSIM) Power Electronics Simulator Manual PSIM
6. PSCAD (Power System Computer Aided Design)
7. VTB (Virtual Test Bed)
8. PLECS ( Piece-wise Linear Electrical Circuit Simulation)
Consultants/Services/Designers
1. Analytical Engineering, Literatures1
2. Darnell, Literatures
3. SMPS Inc. Consultant
4. Venable, Literatures
5. PowerDesigners, Application Notes, Tutorial, Technical Articles
5. Jerrold Foutz
6. Chipcenter, Literatures
7. Power Sources Manufacturers Association (PSMA)
8. Innovatia Design Center
Component Manufacturers
1. Texas Instrument, Literatures
2. International Rectifier, Literatures
3. On Semiconductor, Literatures
4. Fairchild, Literatures
5. Harris Semiconductor, Intersil
6. Microlinear
7. Telcom, Microchip
8. National Semiconductor, Literatures
9. Linear Technology
System Manufacturers
1. Artesyn, Literatures1, Literatures2
2. Delta, Literatures
3. Synqor, Application Notes
4. Teslaco
5. Tyco Electronics
6. Vicor
7. Power-one
8. Kepco
9. Astec
10. Power Paragon
11. Advance Transformer Co.
Power Electronics Books
1. Fundamental of Power Electronics, R. W. Erickson, Slides
2. Element of Power Electronics, P. T. Krein
3. PSpice Simulation of Power Electronics Circuits.
4. Power Electronics Book On-line, V. Ramaswamy, on-line
5. SMPS Simulation with SPICE 3 by Steven M. Sandler
6. The SPICE Handbook of 50 Basic Circuits ,by Steven M. Sandler, on-line
7. PSpice Simulation of Power Electronics Circuits, R.S. Ramshaw & Derek Schuurman
PSpice Club
1. Spice Club, Resources
2. PSpice Club, Malaysia
3. Pspice Club, Korea
4. Pspice Club, Denmark
Magazines
1. Switching Power Magazine, Articles
2. Electronic Design
3. PCIM
4. EDTN
[Our Selected Material | PSpice Club | Unorganised Material| PSM1 | SEM4413 |Encon |Google]
[ |MEE]
Last updated: 08/15/2002 02:13 PM

Friday, January 16, 2009

黑衣示威

今天mpp举办示威运动游行,还得到校方支持。那些回教徒身穿黑衣,还有巴士服务(星期五很难塔巴士)

什么大专法令,其实只要顺他们意思就可以了。

结果很多活跃分子今天迟到或者没有来上课,真的很有趣。

对我来说,一神教纠纷,无法用示威来解决。根本问题出在那里,有智慧的人都知道。

Saturday, January 3, 2009

房间进贼

假期回来时,发现我的房间铁橱被人翻开过,发现几个日常用品和衣物不见了。投报有用吗?
根本无法找到证据是谁破门行窃。

最生气是他连我的projek,orientasi的T-SHIRT,都要拿走。

这时难免会怀疑我的室友有偷窃恶习的那个,但是在缺乏证据,连提问的权利也没有。所以只有自叹倒霉。

奇怪的贼,另外一个室友不见了药水和洗发精。连这些东西也要偷?