UTM FKE psm fyp data

	Title	Year	Publication	Volume	Pages	Links
	MUHAMAD FAIZ BIN IZAN	CYLINDRICAL CLIMBING ROBOT	2009	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMAD FAIZAL BIN ABD RAZAK	DESIGN HVDC TO LVAC INVERTER BY USING PWM	2010	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMAD FIRDAUS B ABU SAMAH	GROUND METAL DETECTOR	2009	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMAD HANIF BIN HASHIM	VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF PHASE LOCK LOOP FOR PHYSICAL LAYER 10 MBPS ETHERNET	2007	FKE, UTM	DECEMBER
	MUHAMAD HANIF BIN SAIFOLLAH	IMPLEMENTATION OF SCADA SYSTEM USING DATA ACQUISITION CARD	2009	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMAD IHSAN BIN SUJANI	DEGRADATION OF POLYMERIC POWER CABLE DUE TO WATER TREE UNDER DC VOLTAGE	2010	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMAD KHAIRULHADI BIN MOHD SHUKOR	DOWNLINK RADIO ACCESS POINT DESIGN FOR RADIO OVER FIBER SYSTEM	2008	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMAD LUKMAN HAKKIM B. MOHD YUSOF	DESIGN OF OPEN MICROWAVE CAVITY FOR HEATING PURPOSES	2010	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMAD MU'AZ BIN YUSOF	THREE-PHASE THREE-SWITCH CURRENT SOURCE BUCK RECTIFIER USING SPACE VECTOR MODULATION TECHNIQUE	2009	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMAD NIZAM BIN DERMAWI	DEVELOPMENT OF USER INTERFACE FOR DUAL MOTOR SPEED AND DIRECTION CONTROL	2010	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD ABU BAKAR AS-SIDDIQ BIN KHAIRI	ENGINEERING ECONOMIC OF GRID-CONNECTED BIPV SYSTEM	2009	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD AIZZAT BIN ZAKARIA	I-SCOOT: INTELLIGENT MOBILITY SCOOTER	2010	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD AKHRAM BIN MOHAMED ARIS	ELECTROMYOGRAM CIRCUIT WITH DISPLAY UNIT SYSTEM	2010	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD AKIB B ABDULLAH	ELECTRONIC BALLAST FOR FLUORESCENT LAMP	2009	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD AL FARABI BIN MUHAMMAD IQBAL	RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSCEIVER FOR AMATEUR RADIO	2009	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD ANUAR BIN ABDULLAH	DIGITAL PROGRAMMABLE METER	2008	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD ARIF @ MOHD ARIFZANI BIN SELAMAT	ASSESSMENT OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (LPS) FOR ASSET MANAGEMENT ENHANCEMENT: FKE UTM SKUDAI CAMPUS	2009	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN ABDULLAH	ULTRAWIDEBAND (UWB) WEARABLE ANTENNA	2010	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD AZHAR BIN KHAIRUDDIN	USB SOUND CARD USING PIC MICROCONTROLLER	2009	UTM	MAY
	MUHAMMAD AZRI BIN AB RAHIM	HUMANOID DESIGN IMPROVEMENT BY USING INERTIA MEASUREMENT (IMU) << 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 >> [26–43]

IR Remote Control Theory

IR Remote Control Theory

The cheapest way to remotely control a device within a visible range is via Infra-Red light. Almost all audio and video equipment can be controlled this way nowadays. Due to this wide spread use the required components are quite cheap, thus making it ideal for us hobbyists to use IR control for our own projects.
This part of my knowledge base will explain the theory of operation of IR remote control, and some of the protocols that are in use in consumer electronics.

Infra-Red Light

Infra-Red actually is normal light with a particular colour. We humans can't see this colour because its wave length of 950nm is below the visible spectrum. That's one of the reasons why IR is chosen for remote control purposes, we want to use it but we're not interested in seeing it. Another reason is because IR LEDs are quite easy to make, and therefore can be very cheap.

Although we humans can't see the Infra-Red light emitted from a remote control doesn't mean we can't make it visible.
A video camera or digital photo camera can "see" the Infra-Red light as you can see in this picture. If you own a web cam you're in luck, point your remote to it, press any button and you'll see the LED flicker.

Unfortunately for us there are many more sources of Infra-Red light. The sun is the brightest source of all, but there are many others, like: light bulbs, candles, central heating system, and even our body radiates Infra-Red light. In fact everything that radiates heat, also radiates Infra-Red light.
Therefore we have to take some precautions to guarantee that our IR message gets across to the receiver without errors.

Modulation

Modulation is the answer to make our signal stand out above the noise. With modulation we make the IR light source blink in a particular frequency. The IR receiver will be tuned to that frequency, so it can ignore everything else.
You can think of this blinking as attracting the receiver's attention. We humans also notice the blinking of yellow lights at construction sites instantly, even in bright daylight.

In the picture above you can see a modulated signal driving the IR LED of the transmitter on the left side. The detected signal is coming out of the receiver at the other side.

In serial communication we usually speak of 'marks' and 'spaces'. The 'space' is the default signal, which is the off state in the transmitter case. No light is emitted during the 'space' state. During the 'mark' state of the signal the IR light is pulsed on and off at a particular frequency. Frequencies between 30kHz and 60kHz are commonly used in consumer electronics.
At the receiver side a 'space' is represented by a high level of the receiver's output. A 'mark' is then automatically represented by a low level.

Please note that the 'marks' and 'spaces' are not the 1-s and 0-s we want to transmit. The real relationship between the 'marks' and 'spaces' and the 1-s and 0-s depends on the protocol that's being used. More information about that can be found on the pages that describe the protocols.

The Transmitter

The transmitter usually is a battery powered handset. It should consume as little power as possible, and the IR signal should also be as strong as possible to achieve an acceptable control distance. Preferably it should be shock proof as well.

Many chips are designed to be used as IR transmitters. The older chips were dedicated to only one of the many protocols that were invented. Nowadays very low power microcontrollers are used in IR transmitters for the simple reason that they are more flexible in their use. When no button is pressed they are in a very low power sleep mode, in which hardly any current is consumed. The processor wakes up to transmit the appropriate IR command only when a key is pressed.

Quartz crystals are seldom used in such handsets. They are very fragile and tend to break easily when the handset is dropped. Ceramic resonators are much more suitable here, because they can withstand larger physical shocks. The fact that they are a little less accurate is not important.

The current through the LED (or LEDs) can vary from 100mA to well over 1A! In order to get an acceptable control distance the LED currents have to be as high as possible. A trade-off should be made between LED parameters, battery lifetime and maximum control distance. LED currents can be that high because the pulses driving the LEDs are very short. Average power dissipation of the LED should not exceed the maximum value though. You should also see to it that the maximum peek current for the LED is not exceeded. All these parameters can be found in the LED's data sheet.

A simple transistor circuit can be used to drive the LED. A transistor with a suitable HFE and switching speed should be selected for this purpose.
The resistor values can simply be calculated using Ohm's law. Remember that the nominal voltage drop over an IR LED is approximately 1.1V.

The normal driver, described above, has one disadvantage. As the battery voltage drops, the current through the LED will decrease as well. This will result in a shorter control distance that can be covered.
An emitter follower circuit can avoid this. The 2 diodes in series will limit the pulses on the base of the transistor to 1.2V. The base-emitter voltage of the transistor subtracts 0.6V from that, resulting in a constant amplitude of 0.6V at the emitter. This constant amplitude across a constant resistor results in current pulses of a constant magnitude. Calculating the current through the LED is simply applying Ohm's law again.

The Receiver

Many different receiver circuits exist on the market. The most important selection criteria are the modulation frequency used and the availability in you region.

In the picture above you can see a typical block diagram of such an IR receiver. Don't be alarmed if you don't understand this part of the description, for everything is built into one single electronic component.
The received IR signal is picked up by the IR detection diode on the left side of the diagram. This signal is amplified and limited by the first 2 stages. The limiter acts as an AGC circuit to get a constant pulse level, regardless of the distance to the handset.
As you can see only the AC signal is sent to the Band Pass Filter. The Band Pass Filter is tuned to the modulation frequency of the handset unit. Common frequencies range from 30kHz to 60kHz in consumer electronics.
The next stages are a detector, integrator and comparator. The purpose of these three blocks is to detect the presence of the modulation frequency. If this modulation frequency is present the output of the comparator will be pulled low.

As I said before, all these blocks are integrated into a single electronic component. There are many different manufacturers of these components on the market. And most devices are available in several versions each of which are tuned to a particular modulation frequency.

Please note that the amplifier is set to a very high gain. Therefore the system tends to start oscillating very easily. Placing a large capacitor of at least 22µF close to the receiver's power connections is mandatory to decouple the power lines. Some data sheets recommend a resistor of 330 Ohms in series with the power supply to further decouple the power supply from the rest of the circuit.

There are several manufacturers of IR receivers on the market. Siemens, Vishay and Telefunken are the main suppliers here in Europe. Siemens has its SFH506-xx series, where xx denotes the modulation frequency of 30, 33, 36, 38, 40 or 56kHz. Telefunken had its TFMS5xx0 and TK18xx series, where xx again indicates the modulation frequency the device is tuned to. It appears that these parts have now become obsolete. They are replaced by the Vishay TSOP12xx, TSOP48xx and TSOP62xx product series.
Sharp, Xiamen Hualian and Japanese Electric are 3 Asian IR receiver producing companies. Sharp has devices with very cryptic ID names, like: GP1UD26xK, GP1UD27xK and GP1UD28xK, where x is related to the modulation frequency. Hualian has it's HRMxx00 series, like the HRM3700 and HRM3800. Japanese Electric has a series of devices that don't include the modulation frequency in the part's ID. The PIC-12042LM is tuned to 36.7kHz, and the PIC12043LM is tuned to 37.9kHz.

The End?

This concludes the theory of operation for IR remote control systems intended for use in consumer electronics. I realize that other ways exist to implement IR control, but I will limit myself to the description above. One of the issues not covered here is security. Security is of no importance if I want to control my VCR or TV set. But when it comes to opening doors or cars it literally becomes a 'key' feature! Maybe I will cover this issue later, but not for now.

I also realize that my small list of manufacturers is far from being complete. It is hardly possible to list every manufacturer here. You can send me an e-mail if you have details about other protocols that you feel should be added to my pages.

This page only described the basic theory of operation of IR remote control. It did not describe the protocols that are involved in communication between transmitter and receiver. Many protocols are designed by different manufacturers. You can find the protocols of some manufacturers in the link section at the top of this page.

learn japanese

Ganbatte - Do your best! Ganbatte - Good luck!

One word that fascinates me to no end is the word ganbatte (sometimes written gambatte). It is a saying used to encourage people to try hard or used before a performance to say good luck. Ian Thomas Ash has an excellent write up on the various conjugations of the word ganbatte. It starts to get pretty complex, but think about all the ways you can encourage people to do their best!

How to write ganbatte:

頑張って (がんばって)
Ganbatte: Do your best

The word ganbatte stems from the verb ganbaru:

頑張る (がんばる)
Ganbaru: To do one's best

Here are some other ways to use this handy verb:

頑張ります (がんばります)
Ganbarimasu: I do my best

頑張れ (がんばれ)
Ganbare: Do your best

頑張ってください (がんばってください)
Ganbatte Kudasai: Do your best, please. (formal)

頑張った (がんばった)
Ganbatta: I did my best

頑張りました (がんばりました)
Ganbarimashita: I did my best (formal)

頑張れます (がんばれます)
Ganbaremasu: I can do my best

頑張れる (がんばられる)
Ganbareru: I am able to do my best

頑張っています (がんばっています)
Ganbatteimasu: I am doing my best

頑張りたい (がんばりたい)
Ganbaritai: I want to do my best

頑張っていた (がんばっていた)
Ganbatteita: I was doing my best

頑張らなかった (がんばらなかった)
Ganbaranakatta: I did not do my best

頑張りなさい (がんばりなさい)
Ganbarinasai: you had better do your best

頑張ってくれ (がんばってくれ)
Ganbatekure: do your best for me

One instance where I find ganbaru useful is when I'm talking about my understanding of the Japanese language. I'll say, "私は日本語がちょっと分かります、でもがんばります！" (Watashi wa Nihongo ga chotto wakarimasu, demo ganbarimasu!). Which means, "I understand a little Japanese, but I do my best!".

In many of the Japanese lessons I've taken, they always teach you to play down your skills, to say that your not good yet. That's just not the American way. I might not be good yet, but I sure will try my hardest.

頑張って！

(がんばって！ - Ganbatte!)
Do your best!

恋人街 Lover Street

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cmd

Start > run > cmd
下面是各种命令参数的解释！
1. assoc
assoc .rar > 查看rar文件是用什么后缀名打开的
解释:可以看到你电脑所有文件的后缀名和后缀名是用什么软件打开的
2. at
AT 8:00 /every:Monday notepad.exe
解释:这个是设定如果到了星期一并且时间到了早上8点的话 那么就运行Notepad
需要注意的是 这里的时间是用24小时制的 比如晚上8点就是20:00
AT 1 /delete
解释: 那个1是你之前设定过的自动运行ID,你可以单单用AT 来查看你之前弄过的自动运行ID
AT /delete
解释:如果你没有输入ID的话 他会直接删除掉所有的自动运行ID

3. attrib
+R > 让指定文件拥有Read Only 权限
+H > 让指定文件拥有隐藏权限
+S > 让指定文件拥有系统权限
-S > 让指定文件取消系统权限
-H > 让指定文件取消隐藏权限
-R > 让指定文件取消Read Only 权限
attrib +r +h +s c:\123.txt
解释:让在C盘的123.txt拥有 隐藏,只读,系统 权限
attrib -r-h -s c:\*.txt
解释:让在C盘的所有txt文件都取消 隐藏,只读,系统 权限 同样的*也可以改成 123.*
那么不管文件的后缀名是什么只要他的名字是123 就直接取消指定权限
attrib /s
解释:这个是查看指定目录的所有文件/包括文件夹里面的文件
attrib -r /s *.txt
你可以试试看在指定目录创建2个文件夹并且放2个不同名字的txt文件进去 然后用这个命令 就会发觉2个txt文件都取消了只读权限

4. cacls
cacls d:\123.txt /d Jason
解释:Jason是你的系统用户名 如果是XP的话按下Start就能看到了的 这个是禁止Jason打开这个txt文件
cacls d:\123.txt /g Jason:F
解释:刚才我们禁止了Jason打开这个文件 那么我们用/g来解除掉 F是Full Control 你可以改成 :R W 具体的效果你们可以自己试试看

5. call
call d:\123.txt
解释:这个是运行这个文件,只能打开文件,不能打开文件夹

6.cd
cd c:\windows\system32
解释:让你的CMD目录跳去指定的目录
d:
解释:如果你直接用 cd d:的话是不能跳转不同盘的 比如你在C盘你要跳转去D盘是不能用CD命令的 可以直接输入D:就可以了
cd..
解释:比如你现在的目录在C:\windows\system32 那么cd..就会跳转到上一个目录 就是 c:\windows

7.chcp
chcp 936
解释:chcp是转换语言 比如你现在的CMD语言是英文的 那么就无法输入中文 可是比如说你用cd如果有中文目录无法输入 那么就可以用chcp先转换成中文
936是中文代码
chcp 437
解释:437是转换成英文

8.chdir
解释:chdir的具体用法跟CD一样,具体的不同我不大了解

9.chkdsk
chkdsk d:
解释:这个是检查D盘有没有出现问题,比如Bad Sector之类的
chkdsk d: /f
解释:当你检查D盘出现问题后可以用 /F 来修复

10.cls
cls
解释:当CMD的内容太多的时候可以用CLS来清空内容

11.cmd
cmd
解释:查看CMD的版本

12.color
color /?
解释:可以更改CMD的颜色 具体要修改成什么颜色可以自己写

13.convert
convert F: /fs:ntfs
解释:如果你的磁盘是FAT32还是什么的话你可以用这个命令来转换成NTFS

14.copy
copy d:\123.txt c:\
解释:这个是把123.txt 复制1份到C盘

15.date
date /t
解释:查看今天的日期
date

ultra sonic circuit diagram