Automation control system

• Module 1 ~ Introduction
  • Lesson 1 ~ Introduction to Industrial Automation and Control, objectives: To define Automation and Control and explain the differences in the sense of the terms; To explain the relation between Automation and Information Technology; To underline the basic objectives of a manufacturing industry and explain how automation and control technologies relate to these; To introduce the concept of a Product Life Cycle and explain how Automation and Control technologies relate to the various phases of the cycle; To classify Manufacturing plants and categorise the different classes of Automation Systems that are appropriate for these; contents: [ Point to Ponder: 1 - 10 ~ Industrial Automation vs. Industrial Information Technology ~ Role of automation in industry ~ Economy of Scale and Economy of Scope ~ Types of production systems ~ Types of Automation Systems ]
  • Lesson 2 ~ Architecture of Industrial Automation Systems, objectives: To describe the various elements of an Industrial Automation Systems and how they are organized hierarchically in levels; To explain how these levels relate to each other in terms of their functions; To describe the nature of technologies involved in realizing these functional levels; To describe the nature of information processing in these levels and the information flow among them; contents: [ Sensing and Actuation Elements ~ Industrial Sensors and Instrument Systems ~ The Functional Elements of Industrial Automation ~ Industrial Actuator Systems ~ Industrial Control Systems ~ Continuous Control ~ Sequence / Logic Control ~ Supervisory Control ~ The Architecture of Elements: The Automation Pyramid ~ An Example Industrial Specification for Automatic and Supervisory Level Automation Systems ~ Comprehensive diagnostic functions ~ Basis of System Selection ]
• Module 2 ~ Measurement Systems
  • Lesson 3 ~ Measurement Systems Specifications, objectives: Define the different terms used for characterizing the performance of an instrument/ measurement system; Compare the performances of two similar type of instruments, looking at the specifications; Write down the performance specifications of a measurement system from its test data; contents: [ Static Characteristics ~ Range (or span) ~ Sensitivity ~ Linearity ~ Hysteresis ~ Resolution ~ Accuracy ~ Precision ~ Dynamic Characteristics ~ Potentiometer ~ Thermocouple ~ Seismic Sensor ~ Step response performance ~ Frequency Response Performance ~ Bandwidth and Natural Frequency ~ Random Characteristics ]
  • Lesson 4 ~ Temperature Measurement, objectives: Name different methods for temperature measurement; Distinguish between the principles of operation of RTD and thermistor; Explain the meaning of lead wire compensation of RTD; Differentiate characteristics of a PTC thermistor from a NTC thermistor; Select the proper thermocouple for a particular temperature range; Design simple cold junction compensation schemes for thermocouples; contents: [ Resistance Thermometers ~ Resistance Temperature Detector ~ Signal conditioning ~ Thermistor ~ Thermocouple ~ Thermocouple Materials ~ Laws of Thermocouple ~ Reference Junction Compensation ]
  • Lesson 5 ~ Pressure and Force Measurement, objectives: Name different methods for pressure measurement using elastic transducers; Explain the construction and principle of operation of a Bourdon tube pressure gage; Define gage factor of a strain gage; Name different strain gage materials and state their gage factors; Will be able to draw the connection diagram of an unbalanced bridge with four strain gages so as to obtain maximum sensitivity and perfect temperature compensation; Name different methods for force measurement with strain gages; contents: [ Pressure Measurement ~ Diaphragms ~ Bellows ~ Bourdon Tube ~ Measurement of Force ~ Strain Gage ~ Gage Factor ~ Metallic Strain Gage ~ Semiconductor type Strain Gage ~ Strain Gage Bridge ~ Load Cell ~ Proving Ring ~ Cantilever Beam ]
  • Lesson 6 ~ Displacement and Speed Measurement, objectives: Name three methods of displacement measurement using passive electrical sensors; Sketch the construction and characteristics of LVDT; Explain the principles of operation of inductive and capacitive types of proximity sensors; Distinguish between variable distance and variable area type of capacitance displacement sensors; Sketch and explain the principle of operation of a optical type displacement sensor; Name two methods of noncontact type speed sensing and explain their principles of operation; contents: [ Displacement Measurement ~ Potentiometer ~ Linear Variable Differential transformer (LVDT) ~ Inductive type Sensors ~ Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT) ~ Capacitance Sensors ~ Optical Sensors ~ Speed Measurement ]
  • Lesson 7 ~ Flow Measurement, objectives: Name different types of flowmeters, frequently used in industry; Distinguish the constructional differences between orifice meter and ventury meter; Understand the basic principle of operation of an obstruction type flowmeter; Explain the basic principles of operation of turbine type flowmeter and electromagnetic flowmeter; Develop a schematic block diagram for signal conditioning circuit for a typical flowmeter; contents: [ Obstruction type flowmeter ~ Corrections ~ Orifice Plate, Venturimeter and Flow nozzle ~ Flow measurement of compressible fluids ~ Pitot Tube ~ Rotameter ~ Construction of the float ~ Electromagnetic Flowmeter ~ Turbine type Flowmeter ~ Vortex type Flowmeter ]
  • Lesson 8 ~ Measurement of Level, Humidity and pH, objectives: Name different methods for level and moisture measurements; Explain the basic techniques of level and humidity measurement; Explain the principle of pH measurement; Explain the necessity of using special measuring circuit for pH measurement; contents: [ Hydrostatic Differential Pressure type ~ Capacitance type ~ Ultrasonic type ~ Radiation technique ~ Humidity Measurement ~ Humidity measurement finds wide applications in different process industries. ~ atmosphere must be controlled below a certain level in many manufacturing ~ semiconductor devices, optical fibres etc. Humidity inside an incubator must ~ precision level. Textiles, papers and cereals must be dried to a standard ~ to prevent the quality deterioration. The humidity can be expressed in ~ absolute humidity, (b) relative humidity and (c) dew point. ~ Humidity can be measured in different ways. Some of the techniques are explained ~ Hygrometer ~ Psychrometer ~ Dew point measurement ~ Conductance/Capacitance method of measurement ~ Infrared Technique ~ Measuring Electrode ~ Reference Electrode ~ Measuring scheme ]
  • Lesson 9 ~ Signal Conditioning Circuits, objectives: Identify the different building blocks of a measuring system and explain the function of each block; Design an unbalanced wheatstone bridge and determine its sensitivity and other parameters; Able to explain the advantage of using push-pull configuration in unbalanced a.c. and d.c. bridges; Define CMRR of an amplifier and explain its importance for amplifying differential signal; Compare the performances of single input amplifiers (inverting and non-inverting) in terms of gain and input impedance; Draw and derive the gain expression of a three-op.amp. instrumentation amplifier; contents: [ Unbalanced D.C. Bridge ~ Push-pull Configuration ~ Unbalanced A.C. Bridge with Push-pull Configuration ~ Capacitance Amplifier ~ Amplifiers ~ Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifiers ~ Differential Amplifier ~ Instrumentation Amplifier]
  • Lesson 10 ~ Errors and Calibration, objectives: Define error; Classify different types of errors; Define the terms: mean, variance and standard deviation; Define the term limiting error for an instrument; Estimate the least square straight line from a set of dispersed data; Distinguish between the terms: single point calibration and two point calibration; contents: [ Error Analysis ~ Systematic Errors ~ Random Errors ~ Propagation of Error ~ Limiting Error ~ Importance of the Arithmetic Mean ~ Standard deviation of the mean ~ Least square Curve Fitting ~ Calibration and error reduction ]
• Module 3 ~ Process Control
  • Lesson 11 ~ Introduction to Process Control, objectives: Distinguish with examples the difference between sequential control and continuous process control; Identify three special features of a process; Differentiate between manipulating variable and disturbance; Distinguish between a SISO system and MIMO system and give at least one example in each case; Develop linearised mathematical models of simple systems; Give an example of a time delay system; Identify the parameters on which the time delay is dependent; Sketch the step response of a first order system with time delay; State and explain the significance of transfer function matrix; contents: [ Characteristics of a Process ~ Mathematical Modeling ~ Higher Order System Model ~ Time delay ~ Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems ]
  • Lesson 12 ~ P-I-D Control, objectives: Write the input-output relationship of a P-I-D controller; Explain the improvement of transient response in closed loop with P-controller; Explain the presence of offset in presence of simple P-controller; Define Proportional Band; Explain the elimination of steady state error with Integral Control; Define the error transfer function and compute steady state error; Explain the advantages of P-I controller over simple P and I actions; Explain the effect of P-D controller; Recommend a suitable controller configuration for a particular process; contents: [ Proportional control ~ Integral Control ~ Proportional Plus Integral (P-I) Control ~ Proportional Plus Derivative (P-D) Control ~ Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control ~ Guideline for selection of controller mode ]
  • Lesson 13 ~ Controller Tuning, objectives: Explain the importance of tuning of controller for a particular process; Name the three experimental techniques for controller tuning; Explain the three methods for tuning of P, I and D parameters; Explain the terms: Auto Tuning, Bumpless Transfer and Integration Wind Up; contents: [ Reaction Curve Technique ~ Closed Loop Technique (Continuous Cycling method) ~ Closed Loop Technique (Damped oscillation method) ~ General comments about controller tuning ~ Integration windup and Bumpless transfer ]
  • Lesson 14 ~ Implementation of P-I-D Controllers, objectives: Suggest a method to achieve Bumpless transfer; Suggest two methods for prevention of Integration Windup; Explain a scheme for implementation of pneumatic P-I controller; Explain a scheme for implementation of P-I-D controller using electronic circuit; Distinguish between position algorithm and velocity algorithm for implementation of digital P-I-D controller; Explain the advantages of using velocity algorithm over position algorithm; contents: [ Bumpless Transfer ~ Prevention of Integration Windup ~ Pneumatic Controller ~ Electronic PID Controllers ~ Digital P-I-D Control ~ Protection against Computer Failure ]
  • Lesson 15 ~ Special Control Structures: Feedforward and Ratio Control, objectives: ~ Justify the use of feedforward controller in addition to conventional feedback controller. ~ Draw the block diagram of a feedforward-feedback controller. ~ Find the transfer function of the feedforward controller for complete disturbance rejection. ~ Write down three typical applications of ratio control ~ Give two possible arrangements for achieving ratio control; contents: [ Feedforward Control ~ Ratio Control ]
  • Lesson 16 ~ Special Control Structures: Predictive Control, Control of Systems with Inverse Response, objectives: Explain with an example the difficulty in controlling a process with dead time; Draw and explain the function of Smith Predictor Compensation Scheme; Explain the two schemes for predictive control in automatic gage control of a rolling mill; Given an example of a process with inverse response; Write down the transfer function of process with inverse response and sketch its step response; Suggest a suitable compensation scheme for control of a process with inverse response; contents: [ Predictive Control ~ Application of Predictive Control in Gage Control of Steel Rolling Mills ~ Smith Predictor by estimating the roll gap ~ Smith Predictor based on Constant Mass Flow principle ~ Systems with Inverse Response ~ Example of a system with inverse response ~ Transfer function of a system with inverse response ~ Control of a System with Inverse Response ]
  • Lesson 17 ~ Special Control Structures: Cascade, Override and Split Range Control, objectives: ~ State two advantage of using cascade control ~ Draw the block diagram representation of cascade control system ~ Write down the governing equations for determining the stability of a cascade control system. ~ Illustrate with an example the use of override control ~ Illustrate with an example the use of split range control; contents: [ Cascade Control ~ Override Control ~ Split Range Control ]
• Module 4 ~ Programmable Logic Control Systems
  • Lesson 18 ~ Introduction to Sequence/Logic Control and Programmable Logic Controllers, objectives: Define Sequence and Logic Control; State three major differences between Logic Control and Analog Control; Define a Programmable Logic Controller and name its major structural components; Name the major functions performed by a PLC; contents: [ What is Sequence and Logic Control? ~ Industrial Example of Discrete Sensors and Actuators ~ Comparing Logic and Sequence Control with Analog Control ~ Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) ~ Evolution of the PLC ~ Application Areas ~ Architecture of PLCs ]
  • Lesson 19 ~ The Software Environment and Programming of PLCs, objectives: Describe the structure of a PLC Program; Describe the execution of a PLC Program; Describe the typical elements of an RLL Diagram; Design RLL Diagrams for simple industrial logic control problems; contents: [ Structure of a PLC Program ~ Program Execution ~ Interrupt Driven and Clock Driven Execution Modes ~ The Relay Ladder Logic (RLL) Diagram ~ RLL Programming Paradigms: Merits and Demerits ~ Example: Forward Reverse Control ~ Typical Operands of PLC Programs ~ Inputs I, Output Q ~ Internal Variable Operands or Flags ~ User defined Data ~ Addressing ~ Operation Set ]
  • Lesson 20 ~ Formal Modelling of Sequence Control Specifications and Structured RLL Programming, objectives: Describe motivations for formal modelling in the design of sequence control programs for an industrial control problem; Describe the major steps in the design of a sequence control program for an industrial control problem; Develop a Finite State machine model for simple industrial control problems; Develop a sequence control program for a Finite State Machine model; contents: [ Motivation for Formal Modelling ~ Industrial Logic Control Example Revisited ~ Linguistic description of the industrial stamping process ~ The first version of sequence control program for the industrial stamping process ~ Steps in Sequence Control Design ~ Formal process modelling ~ Design of RLL Program ]
  • Lesson 21 ~ Programming of PLCs: Sequential Function Charts, objectives: Describe the major features of the IEC 1131-3 standard for PLC programming; Describe the major syntax conventions of the SFC programming language; Identify valid and invalid SFC segments; Develop SFC programs for simple sequence control problems; contents: [ IEC 1131-3: The International Programmable Controller Language Standard ~ Major Features of IEC 1131-3 ~ IEC 1131-3 Programming Languages ~ Function Block Diagram (FBD) ~ Structured Text (ST) ~ Instruction List (IL) ~ Sequential Function Chart (SFC) ~ Transitions ~ Basic Control Structures ~ Divergence of a Selective Sequence ~ Convergence of a Selective Sequence ~ Convergence of a Simultaneous Sequence ~ Source and Destination Connectors ~ Control Program Architecture with SFCs ~ Sequential Processing ~ Post processing ~ Industrial Logic Control Example Revisited ~ SFC-based Implementation of the Stamping Process Controller ]
  • Lesson 22 ~ The PLC Hardware Environment, objectives: Describe the physical organization of hardware in the PLC; State typical components and functionality of the main types of modules; Describe typical Function modules used in PLC systems; contents: [ Processor ~ Module Input ~ Module Analog input modules ~ Digital Input Modules ~ Output Modules ~ Analog Output ~ Module Digital Output ~ Module Function Modules ~ Count ~ Module Loop Controller ~ Module ]
• Module 5 ~ CNC Machines
  • Lesson 23 ~ Introduction to Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) Machines, objectives: Define Numerical Control and describe its advantages and disadvantages; Name and describe the major components of a CNC system; Explain the coordinate systems adopted for CNC programming; Describe the major types of motion control strategies; Describe the major classifications of CNC machines; contents: [ Introductory Concepts of Machining ~ What is Computer Numerical Control? ~ Advantages of a CNC Machine ~ Classification of NC Systems ~ Point-to-point systems ~ Contouring systems ~ Coordinate Systems ~ Incremental Systems ~ Absolute System ~ Unit of Displacement ~ Part Programming ~ Servo Control ~ Types of Servo Control ~ Coordinated Axis ~ Point-to-point Axis ~ Spindle Axis ~ Open Loop Systems ~ Closed Loop systems ~ Appendix-2 Typical Specifications of a CNC System ]
  • Lesson 24 ~ CNC Machines: Interpolation, Control and Drive, objectives: Define the major subsystems for motion control; Describe the major features of an interpolator for a contouring CNC system; Distinguish and compare open loop control and closed loop CNC; Name desirable features of feed and spindle drives of CNC machines; contents: [ Contour Generation by Interpolation ~ DDA Algorithm ~ Linear Reference Pulse Interpolation ~ Reference-word Circular Interpolators ~ Servo Control ~ Control of PTP Systems ~ Control of Contouring Systems ~ A Typical PLC-based Motion Control Board for CNC Drive ~ Axis and Spindle Drives ~ Spindle Drives ~ Feed Drives ]
• Module 6 ~ Actuators
  • Lesson 25 ~ Control Valves, objectives: Explain the basic principle of operation of a pneumatically actuated control valve; Distinguish between air-to-open and air-to-close valves; Explain the constructions and relative advantages and disadvantages of single- seated and double-seated valves; Name three types of control valves and sketch their ideal flow characteristics; Sketch the shapes of the plugs for three different types of control valves; Define the term rangeability; Explain the different between ideal and effective characteristics; Explain the advantage of using equal percentage valve over using linear control valve; contents: [ Ideal Characteristics ~ Effective Characteristics ]
  • Lesson 26 ~ Hydraulic Actuation Systems – I: Principle and Components, objectives: Describe the principles of operation of hydraulic systems and understand its advantages; Be familiar with basic hydraulic components and their roles in the system; Describe the constructional and functional aspects of hydraulic pumps and motors; Draw the graphical symbols used to depict typical hydraulic system components; contents: [ Pascal's Law ~ Amplification of Force ~ Advantages of Hydraulic Actuation Systems ~ Components of Hydraulic Actuation Systems ~ Hydraulic Fluid ~ The Fluid Delivery Subsystem ~ Reservoir ~ Filter ~ Line ~ Fittings and Seals ~ Hydraulic Pumps ~ Hydrostatic or Positive Displacement Pumps ~ Gear Pumps ~ Vane Pumps ~ Piston Pumps ~ Radial Piston Pumps ~ Swash Plate Design Inline Piston Pumps ~ Accumulators ~ Spring-Loaded Accumulators ~ Gas Charged Accumulator ~ Cylinders ]
  • Lesson 27 ~ Directional Control Valves, Switches and Gauges, objectives: Describe the major types of direction control valves, their construction, operation and symbol; Describe the major types of pressure relief and flow control valves, their construction, operation and symbol; Describe pressure switches, as well as pressure and flow gauges used in hydraulic systems; contents: [ Check Valve ~ Pilot - operated Check Valves ~ Two-Way and Four-Way Valves ~ Rotary Valve ~ Spool Type Valve ~ Two way valve ~ Spool Center Conditions ~ Operating Controls ~ Relief Valves ~ Pressure Switches ~ Pressure Gauges ~ Flow Meters ]
  • Lesson 28 ~ Industrial Hydraulic Circuits, objectives: Describe typical industrial actuation problems; Interpret hydraulic system symbols and circuit diagrams; Describe techniques for energy saving in hydraulic systems; contents: [ Case Study I: Unloading System for Energy Saving ~ Mode 1: Both Pumps Loaded ~ Mode 2: One pump unloaded ~ Case Study II: Selection of System Operating Pressure ~ Venting Mode ~ Intermediate Maximum Operating Pressure ~ Case Study III: Reciprocating Cylinder with Automatic Venting at End of Cycle ~ Extension Stroke ~ Retraction Stroke ~ Automatic Venting at End of Retraction Stroke ~ Push Button Start of Cycle ~ Case Study IV: Regenerative Reciprocating Circuit ~ Regenerative Advance ~ Case Study V: Sequencing Circuits ]
  • Lesson 29 ~ Pneumatic Control Components, objectives: Explain with a sketch the principle of operation of a flapper nozzle amplifier; Derive the approximate relationship between the output pressure and displacement for a flapper nozzle amplifier; Justify the use of air relay in conjunction with a flapper nozzle amplifier; Explain the advantage of using closed loop configuration of flapper nozzle amplifier; Sketch and explain the operation of a flapper nozzle amplifier in closed loop; Explain the limitation of a direct acting type valve positioner; Explain the principle of operation of a feedback type valve positioner; contents: [ Flapper nozzle amplifier ~ Performance Analysis ~ Flapper Nozzle Amplifier with Feedback ~ Electro-pneumatic Signal Converter ~ Pneumatic Valve Positioner ]
  • Lesson 30 ~ Pneumatic Control Systems, objectives: Sketch the schematic diagram of a pneumatic proportional controller; Apply linearisation technique to develop the transfer function of a pneumatic proportional controller; Identify the major difference in construction among pneumatic P, P-D and P-I controllers; Identify the varying element by which the proportional gain of a P-controller can be adjusted; Identify the varying elements for adjusting the derivative and integral times in P-D and P-I controllers; Develop the transfer function of a pneumatic P-D controller; contents: [ Pneumatic Proportional Controller ~ Pneumatic Proportional plus derivative controller ~ Pneumatic Proportional Plus Integral Controller ]
• Module 7 ~ Electrical Machine Drives
  • Lesson 31 ~ Energy Savings with Variable Speed Drives, objectives: To describe typical methods of flow control by industrial fans and pumps; To be able to determine operating points from pump/fan and load characteristics; To demonstrate energy saving with variable speed drive method of flow control compared to throttling; contents: [ Fans: Characteristics and Operation ~ On-Off Control ~ Outlet Dampers ~ Variable Speed Drive ~ Energy Savings by Different Flow Control Methods ~ Outlet Damper ~ Variable Speed Drive ~ Pumps: Characteristics and Operation ~ Flow Control ~ Throttling ~ Variable Speed Drive ~ Static Head ]
  • Lesson 32 ~ Step Motors: Principles, Construction and Drives, objectives: Explain how a step motor is different from a conventional motor; Identify the major constructional difference between a permanent magnet and variable reluctance type motor; Distinguish between the terms full stepping and half stepping; Develop the switching sequence for a given step motor according to given requirements; Calculate the step angle; Explain what is meant by static position error; Name two different modes of operation for continuous rotation; Explain with schematic diagrams, open loop and closed loop control schemes used for step motors; contents: [ Permanent magnet step motor ~ Variable Reluctance type Step Motor ~ Typical specification of a step motor ~ Driving Circuit ~ Static Torque Curve ~ Static Position Error ~ Dynamic Response ~ Continuous Operation ~ Control of Step Motors ]
  • Lesson 33 ~ Electrical Actuators: DC Motor Drives, objectives: Describe the major constructional features of dc motors; Explain the principle of torque generation; Derive the dynamic speed response characteristics relating armature voltage, load torque and speed; Describe the realization of a variable voltage controlled source using switch mode power converters; Draw the block diagram a typical speed control loop for a separately excited dc motor; contents: [ DC Servomotors ~ Mechanical Construction ~ Braking methods in servo-drive ~ Transistor PWM dc Converter ~ Driving, clockwise (CW), I quadrant ~ Braking, clockwise, IV quadrant ~ Advantages of transistor PWM dc drives over thyristor drives ~ Closed loop of control of DC motors ]
  • Lesson 34 ~ Electrical Actuators: Induction Motor Drives, objectives: Concept of slip; Equivalent circuit of induction motor; Torque-speed characteristics; Methods of induction motor speed control; Principles of PWM inverter; Implementation of constant V/f control; contents: [ Equivalent Circuit ~ Torque-Speed Curve ~ Speed Control ~ Variable-Voltage, Constant-Frequency Operation ~ Variable-Frequency Operation ~ Variable voltage variable frequency operation with constant V/f ~ Variable Voltage Variable Frequency Supply ~ Voltage-source Inverter-driven Induction Motor ~ Square wave inverters ~ PWM Principle ~ Sinusoidal PWM ~ Implementation of a constant voltage/constant frequency strategy ]
• Module 8 ~ Industrial Embedded and Communication Systems
  • Lesson 35 ~ Electrical Actuators: BLDC Motor Drives, objectives: Define the Structure of a PM BLDC Motor; Describe the principle of operation of a PM BLDC motor; Understand Closed Loop Control of a BLDC Drive; Name applications of BLDC Motor; contents: [ Advantage of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor ~ Structure of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor ~ Stator ~ Rotor ~ Hall Sensors ~ Principle of operation and dynamic model of a BLDC Motor ~ Closed Loop Control of PM BLDC Drive ~ Typical BLDC Motor Applications ~ Applications with Constant Loads ~ Applications with Varying Loads ~ Positioning Applications ]
  • Lesson 36 ~ Introduction to Real Time Embedded Systems, objectives: Define a Real Time Embedded System; Describe major hardware components of an Embedded system; Describe typical architectures for such systems; contents: [ Typical Characteristics of an RTES ~ Single-Functioned ~ Tightly Constrained ~ Reactive and Real Time ~ Common Architecture ~ Components of an Embedded System ~ Digital Signal Processor (DSP) ~ Microprocessors vs Microcontrollers ~ Microprocessors vs DSP ~ Input/Output Devices and Interface Chips ]
  • Lesson 37 ~ Real-Time Operating Systems: Introduction and Process Management, objectives: Describe the major functions of an Operating System; Define multi-tasking and describe its advantages; Describe the task states and transitions in the execution life cycle under a multi-tasking OS; Define the concept of preemptive priority scheduling; Describe common multi-tasking architectures of RTOS; Describe the classification of computing tasks in terms of their timing constraints; contents: [ Nature of IA computation ~ Operating Systems (OS) Basics ~ Real-Time Operating Systems ~ Task Scheduling and Dispatch ~ Cyclic Executive ~ Real Time Operating Systems ~ Priority Levels in a typical Real-Time Operating System ~ Task Scheduling Management ]
  • Lesson 38 ~ Networking of Field Devices via Fieldbus, objectives: To motivate a field level networked digital communication architecture for implementation of distributed plant wide control; To describe the Fieldbus network protocol; To describe the basic computation and communication architecture for Fieldbus devices; To explain issues related to time synchronization, interoperabilty, communication efficiency etc. in the Fieldbus network; contents: [ Motivations for the Fieldbus ~ Fieldbus Topology ~ Architecture of the Fieldbus ~ The Physical Layer ~ The Data Link Layer ~ The Link Active Scheduler (LAS) ~ Cyclic Communication ~ Acyclic/Unscheduled Communication ~ from cyclic communications, requirements for acyclic ~ sporadic process related events, such as, ~ Alarm ~ Operator Data Update ~ Trend Data Update ~ Set Point changes ~ Controller Tuning ~ Acyclic/Unscheduled Communication ~ Macro Cycle and Elementary Cycle ~ The Application Layer ~ Fieldbus Access Sublayer ~ One-to-one Bi-directional (QUB) ~ One-to-one Unidirectional 1 (BNU) ~ One-to-one Unidirectional 2 (QUU) ~ The Fieldbus Message Sublayer (FMS) ~ Fieldbus Devices ~ Communications Stack ~ Transducer Block ~ Realisation of Distributed Control Functions using Function Blocks in Fieldbus ]
• Module 9 ~ Conclusion
  • Lesson 39 ~ Higher Levels of Automation Systems, objectives: Describe the major functions of Production Management Systems under Level 3 Automation; Describe the major features of a Supervisory Control System under Level 2 Automation; Describe the major features of a Distributed Control System (DCS); contents: [ Level 3 Automation: Production Management ~ Level 2 Automation: Supervisory Control ~ Supervisory Control Tasks ~ Distributed Control Systems (DCS) ~ Brief History ~ An Example Functional Specification document for Basic Level (Level 1) and Process Control Level (Level 2) Automation Systems for a large rolling mill ~ System Figures of Merit ~ Features of an Industrial DCS: Honeywell's' Total Plant Solution (TPS) System ]
  • Lesson 40 ~ Conclusion and Review
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install Android OS on your Laptop or Desktop

We have seen Ubuntu running on Nexus One / Android Powered Device, Windows XP on iPad, Windows 95 on iPhone & iPad, Mac OS X running on Nokia, Android OS running on Nokia, and Android OS on iPhone. But, how about Android OS on your Notebook or Desktop? That sounds interesting. Its GREAT to see how fast this mobile OS runs on a Laptop or a Desktop. Guys over at HowtoGeek were able to install Android OS on a Notebook / Desktop. If you are interested in install Android OS on your Desktop, you just follow the below step by step process.

First we will be installing Android OS on a Flash Drive or a Memory Drive or a Pen Drive, which will be a boot-able one and then we will make run on your Notebook or Desktop. So, lets get started.

Requirements:

• Empty Flash Drive (256MB or more storage space)
• Notebook / Desktop

Lets see if you NetBook or Laptop is supported: Most Eee PC models including 701, 701SD, 900, 900A, 901, 904HD, 1000, 1000HE, 1000HD, 1005HAG, S101, T91 (VESA mode), touchscreen works., Eee Top 1602C (VESA mode), touchscreen works., Lenovo ThinkPad x61 Tablet.
Except T91 and Eee Top, all can run the native resolutions (800×480 or 1024×600) via i915 driver. Thanks to the kernel mode setting (kms) feature introduced in kernel 2.6.29.

How to Install Android OS on a Flash / Memory / Pen Drive

Step 1: Download android-x86-1.6-r2.iso and UNetbootin from the links below.

Step 2: Once your downloads are complete, run UNetbootin. Click the bullet beside Diskimage, then click the “… “ button and select the Android ISO file you just downloaded. Finally, select the correct flash drive or memory card in the menu on the bottom, and click Ok.

Step 3: UNetbootin will now copy the files to your flash drive. This may take a few moments, depending on your flash drive’s speed.

Step 4: Once it’s finished, it will ask if you wish to reboot. If you want to go ahead and run Android, you can click Reboot; otherwise, just exit and run Android from your flash drive when you want.

Using Android-x86 On Your Computer

Step 1: Now you’re ready to run Android on your netbook, laptop, or even a full desktop computer. Simply reboot your computer with the USB drive, and select to boot from it. Not all computers will automatically boot from a USB device, so you may have to press F2, F10, or another key, depending on your computer, and change the Boot options in the bios.

Step 2: Now, when you boot from the USB drive, select Live CD – Run Android-x86 without installation.

Step 3: You’ll see a text prompt for a few moments as Android begins to load.

Step 4: Then you’ll see the Android boot screen, though we only saw it for a moment, as our computer booted really fast into Android.

Step 5: After a couple seconds, you’ll see the Android desktop … on your netbook or computer! You can quickly access one of the apps on the home screen, or open the menu to see more options.

Step 6: Click and hold to open a context menu, such as to change the background or add a desktop widget.

Step 7: Or, press your mouse’s right button to open a menu, such as to open a new tab in the browser.

Step 8: It works very good as a quick way to get online; the Android browser is actually quite capable for normal browsing, and worked very well in our tests. With a 10 second or less boot time, you may enjoy using this as an alternate to Puppy Linux or other light distros for a quick way to get online securely.

Step 9: You can even install new applications with the included AndAppStore, though these will only be installed while this Android session is running. If you reboot your computer, you’ll only see the default applications and settings again.

Step 10: Android x86 supports all of the hardware, including cameras and Wi-Fi, on several Netbooks and laptops; check the link below to see if yours is supported. In our test, our camera wasn’t supported, and we additionally had to connect to the internet via Ethernet since it didn’t detect our Wi-Fi card.

Download Links

• Download android-x86-1.6-r2.iso – If you are looking for a latest version, the head over here
• Download UNetbootin [Windows]
• Download UNetbootin [Linux]

追查入侵记录

　网络安全是一个综合的、复杂的工程，任何网络安全措施都不能保证万无一失。因此，对于一些重要的部门，一旦网络遭到攻击，如何追踪网络攻击，追查到攻击者并将其绳之以法，是十分必要的。

　　追踪网络攻击就是找到事件发生的源头。它有两个方面意义:一是指发现IP地址、MAC地址或是认证的主机名;二是指确定攻击者的身份。网络攻击者在实施攻击之时或之后，必然会留下一些蛛丝马迹，如登录的纪录，文件权限的改变等虚拟证据，如何正确处理虚拟证据是追踪网络攻击的最大挑战。

　　在追踪网络攻击中另一需要考虑的问题是:IP地址是一个虚拟地址而不是一个物理地址，IP地址很容易被伪造，大部分网络攻击者采用IP地址欺骗 技术。这样追踪到的攻击源是不正确的。使得以IP地址为基础去发现攻击者变得更加困难。因此，必须采用一些方法，识破攻击者的欺骗，找到攻击源的真正IP 地址。

　　★ netstat命令----实时察看文击者

　　使用netstat命令可以获得所有联接被测主机的网络用户的IP地址。Windows系列、Unix系列、Linux等常用网络操作系统都可以使用“netstat”命令。

　　使用“netstat”命令的缺点是只能显示当前的连接，如果使用“netstat”命令时攻击者没有联接，则无法发现攻击者的踪迹。为此，可以使用Scheduler建立一个日程安排，安排系统每隔一定的时间使用一次“netstat”命令，并使用netstat>>textfile格式把每次检查时得到的数据写入一个文本文件中，以便需要追踪网络攻击时使用。

　　★ 日志数据--最详细的攻击记录

　　系统的日志数据提供了详细的用户登录信息。在追踪网络攻击时，这些数据是最直接的、有效的证据。但是有些系统的日志数据不完善，网络攻击者也常会把自己的活动从系统日志中删除。因此，需要采取补救措施，以保证日志数据的完整性。

　　Unix和Linux的日志

　　Unix和Linux的日志文件较详细的记录了用户的各种活动，如登录的ID的用户名、用户IP地址、端口号、登录和退出时间、每个ID最近一 次登录时间、登录的终端、执行的命令，用户ID的账号信息等。通过这些信息可以提供ttyname(终端号)和源地址，是追踪网络攻击的最重要的数据。

　　大部分网络攻击者会把自己的活动记录从日记中删去，而且UOP和基于X Windows的活动往往不被记录，给追踪者带来困难。为了解决这个问题，可以在系统中运行wrapper工具，这个工具记录用户的服务请求和所有的活 动，且不易被网络攻击者发觉，可以有效的防止网络攻击者消除其活动纪录。

　　Windows NT和Windows 2000的日志

　　Windows NT和Windows 2000有系统日志、安全日志和应用程序日志等三个日志，而与安全相关的数据包含在安全日志中。安全日志记录了登录用户的相关信息。安全日志中的数据是由 配置所决定的。因此，应该根据安全需要合理进行配置，以便获得保证系统安全所必需的数据。

　　但是，Windows NT和Windows 2000的安全日志存在重大缺陷，它不记录事件的源，不可能根据安全日志中的数据追踪攻击者的源地址。为了解决这个问题，可以安装一个第三方的能够完整记录审计数据的工具。

　　防火墙日志

　　作为网络系统中的“堡垒主机”，防火墙被网络攻击者攻陷的可能性要小得多。因此，相对而言防火墙日志数据不太容易被修改，它的日志数据提供最理想的攻击源的源地址信息。

　　但是，防火墙也不是不可能被攻破的，它的日志也可能被删除和修改。攻击者也可向防火墙发动拒绝服务攻击，使防火墙瘫痪或至少降低其速度使其难以 对事件做出及时响应，从而破坏防火墙日志的完整性。因此，在使用防火墙日志之前，应该运行专用工具检查防火墙日志的完整性，以防得到不完整的数据，贻误追 踪时机。

http://soft.yesky.com/security/hkjj/476/7795476.shtml
ttp://www.sinema-21.com/category/regional/asia/page/2/
http://idl4u.com/movie-behind-flower-and-snake-2/#more-15041

Theses

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536. Mohd Rudi Abdullah "Rekabentuk Pemampat Spring : Mcpherson Strut" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2005.

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537. Mohd Rusllim Mohamed "Decision Tree Based Approach For Online Management Of Pem Fuel Cells For Residential Application Mohd Rusllim Mohamed" Master Degree KUiTTHO, .

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538. Mohd Rusydi Mohd Ramli "Penggunaan Pemodelan Logik Kabur (fuzzy Logic) Dalam Meramal Kualiti Produk Berasaskan Kepada Kawalan Kualiti" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2005.

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539. Mohd Sabri Hussin "Pembinaan Web Cd Pembelajaran Bagi Matapelajaran Lukisan Berbantukan Komputer (autocad) Dalam Penghasilan Permodelan 3d" Master Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2003.

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540. Mohd Sabri Salleh "Modeling A Vibration Shock Absorber On Bmx Bicycle Mohd Sabri Salleh" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, 2004.

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541. Mohd Safirul Mohd Noor "Kajian Ke Atas Sikap Pelajar Dan Pensyarah Terhadap Amalan Keselamatan Bengkel Dan Makmal Kajian Kes Di Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Mohd Safirul Mohd Noor" Master Degree KUiTTHO, 2002.

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542. Mohd Saifuddin Ahmad "Study Of Mechanical Properties On Metal Matrix Composite (mmc) With Modified Stir Casting Method" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2003.

---

543. Mohd Saiful Ibrahim "Pengawalan Kos Projek Pembinaan (kajian Kes Di Selangor Dan Kuala Lumpur)" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2006.

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544. Mohd Salim Abdul Wahab "Weaving Mill Management Fabric Style Canvas Mohd Salim Abdul Wahab" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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545. Mohd Sani Ahmad "Kajian Tehadap Pengaruh Tindakan Daya Pemotongan Pada Kehausan Dan Hayat Mata Alat Mohd Sani Ahmad" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

---

546. Mohd Sarizal Abu Bakar "Study Of Capillary Effect On Porous Ceramic Mohd Sarizal Abu Bakar" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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547. Mohd Sazali Salleh "Membangunkan Sistem Inventori Bagi Peralatan Makmal" Master Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2005.

---

548. Mohd Shahril Mohd Hassan Abd Ghani "Penggunaan Tanah Liat Sebagai Pengisi Untuk Polimer Termoplastik Mohd Shahril Mohd Hassan Abd Ghani" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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549. Mohd Shahrim Hashim "Pengangkutan Sedimen Dan Kualiti Air Di Sungai Batu Pahat Mohd Shahrim Hashim" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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550. Mohd Shahrin Mohd Shah "Kajian Kumai Kimpalan Arka Tungsten Gas Terhadap Plat Keluli C1020" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2003.

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551. Mohd Shahrir Ahmad Zaini "Konsep Keislaman Dalam Rekabentuk Kurikulum Pelancongan Di Sebuah Politeknik Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia" Master Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2002.

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552. Mohd Shahrizan Ahmad Fadzil "Cae For Injection Mould Making Mohd Shahrizan Ahmad Fadzil" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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553. Mohd Shahrizat Walat "Kajian Terhadap Mikrostruktur Bahan Logam Karbida Tungsten Selepas Pemesinan Edm" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2003.

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554. Mohd Shakirin Ab Rahim "Kajian Kes Keberkesanan Kedudukan Stor Pusat Kuittho Mohd Shakirin Ab Rahim" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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555. Mohd Shamian Zainal "Statistical Analysis And Filter Design For Conducted Emission Noise Mohd Shamian Zainal" Master Degree KUiTTHO, .

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556. Mohd Shari Shafuan Mohamed Yusof "Cusum And Ewma Charting Procedure For Monitoring Process Shift" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2003.

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557. Mohd Sherie Zukfli "Sistem Perenjis Air Berasaskan Logik Kabur" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2005.

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558. Mohd Suhizan Siman "Kajian Pengaruh Tindakan Daya Pemotongan Terhadap Kekasaran Permukaan Bahan Kerja (mild Steel)" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2003.

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559. Mohd Taufik Syazeli Zaidi "Penghasilan Sebuah Prototaip Bot Kawalan Jauh Menggunakan Mesin Rp Jenis Fdm" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2004.

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560. Mohd Yahya Saad "Mesin Pengisih Automatik Automatic Sorting Machine Mohd Yahya Saad" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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561. Mohd Yusaini Mohamed Ali "Kajian Ke Atas Sistem Grid Di Malaysia Perancangan Sistem Penghantaran Mohd Yusaini Mohamed Ali" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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562. Mohd Yusri Abu Samah "Application Of Additive And Binder Materials In Ceramic Filter Production For Aluminium Alloy Casting Process Mohd Yusri Abu Samah" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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563. Mohd Yusri Rabae'i "Ujian Prestasi Terhadap Radas "universal Pump Test Set''" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2003.

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564. Mohd Zafifi Zakaria "Kajian Rawatan Haba Pengerasan Mendakan Terhadap Aloi Aluminium 2014 Mohd Zafifi Zakaria" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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565. Mohd Zaidi Che Mod "Analisis Kekuatan Galas Bahan Berbitumen Yang Diguna Semula Mohd Zaidi Che Mod" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

---

566. Mohd Zaidi Hamzah "Pengerasan Terikan Dan Lindap Kejut Serta Kesannya Terhadap Mikrostruktur Dan Sifat Mekanikal Aloi Aluminium Mohd Zaidi Hamzah" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

---

567. Mohd Zaim Zakaria "Pembangunan Video Dokumentari Pendidikan Bagi Mata Pelajaran Teknologi Konkrit Mohd Zaim Bin Zakaria" Master Degree KUiTTHO, .

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568. Mohd Zainal Mat Il "Hubungan Di Antara Status Sosio Ekonomi (sse) Keluarga Dengan Pencapaian Akademik : Satu Kajian Ke Atas Pelajar Aliran Teknikal Di Sekolah Menengah Teknik Negeri Sembilan" Master Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2004.

---

569. Mohd Zainizan Sahdan "Mask Design Fabrication And Test Nmos Transistor Mohd Zainizan Sahdan" Master Degree KUiTTHO, .

---

570. Mohd Zainudin Mohd Naim "Kajian Sumber Tenaga Air Dan Merekebentuk Suatu Model Ringkas Mohd Zainudin Mohd Naim" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

---

571. Mohd Zairi Mohammad Basri "Kajian Terhadap Sifat Sifat Mekanikal Bagi Campuran Poliester Dengan Serbuk Kayu Kayu Meranti Merah Mohd Zairi Mohammad Basri" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

---

572. Mohd Zubir Yahya "Analisis Sifat Mekanikal Campuran Poliester Dengan Polistirena (kotak Pembungkus Makanan)" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2005.

---

573. Mohd Zulhasnan Mat "Aplikasi Sistem Maklumat Stok Dan Inventori Makmal Jptv Mohd Zulhasnan Mat" Master Degree KUiTTHO, .

---

574. Mohd Zuriman Mohd Bakri "Development Of Leaf Spring From Rattan Mohd Zuriman Mohd Bakri" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

---

575. Mohd. Nizam Mat Isa "Persepsi Pensyarah Tentang Program Perkembangan Staf Politenik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (polimas)" Master Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2002.

---

576. Mohyiddin Salleh "Pengaruh Sejatpeluhan Dengan Tanah Pasir Dan Tumbuhan Mohyiddin Salleh" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, 1996.

---

577. Moliady Fahme Mohamed @ Abd Ghani "Failure Investigation Of Boiler Tube-microstructural Study" Bachelor Degree Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 2005.

---

578. Mu Ammar Shakir Zainal Abidin "Pembinaan E Modul Analisis Rangkaian Elektrik Mu Ammar Shakir Zainal Abidin" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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579. Muaz Ariffin Ahmad "Keberkesanan Sistem Sel Dalam Meningkatkan Produktiviti-satu Kajian Kes" Bachelor Degree Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn, 2003.

---

580. Mugunthan Narayanan "Improvement To The Design Of The Available Hydraulic Jack Mugunthan Narayanan" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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581. Muhadir Saeman "Kajian Keberkesanan Kumpulan Peningkatan Kualiti Qit Di Dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Kerja Muhadir Saeman" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, 2002.

---

582. Muhamad Fadzli Janadin "Kajian Terhadap Tahap Kesedaran Keselamatan Dan Kesihatan Di Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn Muhamad Fadzli Janadin" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, 2003.

---

583. Muhamad Faiz Jofri "Simulasi Terma Di Dalam Kereta Pada Keadaan Statik Muhamad Faiz Jofri" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, 2002.

---

584. Muhamad Hafiz Harun "Kajian Kaedah Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pengendalian Udara Di Istana Budaya Kuala Lumpur Muhamad Hafiz Harun" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, .

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585. Muhamad Khairudin Awang "Kajian Gayalaku Lesu Komposit Plastik Bertetulang Gentian Kaca Muhamad Khairudin Awang" Bachelor Degree KUiTTHO, 2002.

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手機功能代碼

◎手機功能代碼：

１、當不喜歡別人打攪自己的時候，又不想關機，給大家一個辦法，使自己的號碼變成空號。
輸入＊＊２１＊９９９９９９＃，按打電話時候的撥出鍵。當別人撥打你的電話時候就你的號碼就變成空號了。再輸入＃＃２１＃，在按撥出鍵 又正常了。
PS：這個功能電訊公司是不收費的，應該是手機號碼的一個漏洞。可以當場實驗，如果覺得好用就轉給你好友，以後不想接聽那個令你傷心的她/或他的電話的時候，就用得到了。

２、識別手機質量的好壞先按＊＃０６＃，然後在你的手機上會出現一個序列號給你，你就數到第七個和第八個數。

假如你的第七個和第八個數是下面對應的兩個數，那麼你的手機質量的好壞就確定了。
０２or２０是很差的手機
０８or８０是好一點兒的手機
０１or１０是非常好的手機
００代表是原產公司生產的，是質量最好的手機（原裝手機）
１３代表是阿賽拜疆生產的，是非常非常差的手機

３、隱形的備用電池你的手機電量不足了，為了讓它能夠繼續使用，按＊３３７０＃鍵，手機會重新啟動，啟動完畢後，你就會發現電量增加了５０%。

這部分隱藏的備用電量用完了你就必須得充電了，再次充電的時候，隱形的備用電池也同時充電，下次電量低的時候又可以用這個方法。知道這個在緊急情況下如果手機電量不足非常管用。

◎車用遙控器落在車裡了？

你的車用遙控能打開吧？如果可以，在你有一天將車用遙控器落在車里而且備用的遙控又在家裡的話，你會發現有個手機真方便，用手機撥通家里 人的手機，將你的手機拿在離車門一英尺的地方，同時家里人拿著遙控器在他的手機旁邊按響遙控器上的開鎖鍵，這邊你的車門就可以打開了。這個方法不管你把車 開得離家有多遠都奏效。

◎緊急情況

全世界的手機都可以撥打的共同緊急救援號碼是１１２，假如你發現自己所在的地區無手機信號覆蓋，同時你又遇到了緊急狀況，用你的手機撥打 １１２準沒錯，因為這時候你的手機會自動搜索所有可用的網絡並建立起緊急呼叫。特別有趣的是，即使你的手機是在鍵盤鎖定的狀態，你同樣可以撥打１１２。試 試吧！

◎手機被偷了？

有個辦法讓小偷也用不了，嘿嘿！查看手機的序列號，只需鍵入＊＃０６＃，１５位序列號會出現在手機屏幕上，全世界的每一台手機都有一個獨 一無二的序列號，把這個序列號記錄下來並保存好。有一天如果你的手機不幸被偷了，打電話給手機提供商，並提供你的手機序列號，他們會幫你把手機屏蔽，這樣 即使小偷換了ＳＩＭ卡，仍然無法使用，你的手機對小偷來說變得一無是處。如果全世界每個手機持有者都這麼做，那麼偷手機就沒有意義了。在澳洲，警方甚至建 立了一個被盜手機數據庫，如果你的手機被找到了，就可以歸還給你了。

◎日常維護必用：

１、手機電池不要等到沒電才充電
一般我們都會有一種想法就是手機的電池電力要全部放完再充電比較好基本上是沒錯的，因為我們在以前使用的充電電池大部分是鎳氫（ＮｉＨ）電池，而鎳氫電池有所謂的記憶效應若不放完電再充的話會導致電池壽命急速減少。
因此我們才會用到最後一滴電才開始充電。
但現在的手機及一般ＩＡ產品大部分都用鋰（Ｌｉ）電池，而鋰電池的話就沒有記憶效應的問題。
若大家還是等到全部用完電後再充的話反而會使得鋰電池內部的化學物質無法反應而壽命減少。
最好的方法就是沒事就充電讓它隨時隨地保持最佳滿格狀態，這樣你的電池就可用的又長又久喔。
這是從廠商那得到的訊息，並經過本身測試而得。

２、當手機正在充電時，請勿接電話
原因是手機在充電時，來電接聽的話會有潛在的危險。
印度有一個３１歲在保險公司任職業務經理的年輕人，十幾天前在手機還接著充電器的時候接聽電話，過了幾秒大量的電流經過手機，這個年輕人被摔落到地面，家人發現時，手指燒傷、心跳微弱、已經失去意識，經緊急送到醫院後，醫生宣佈到院死亡。
行動電話是目前大家最常使用的現代發明，然而，我們也必須要警覺到儀器致死的危險。

３、手機剩一格時不要使用
收訊滿格與只剩一格時相比，發射強度竟然相差１０００倍以上，所以常講手機的人要注意哦！^0 ^
大家都知道手機的電磁波一直是讓人擔心的問題，而手機的設計為了在收訊較差的地區仍能保有相當的通話質量，會加強手機的電磁波發射強度，當收訊滿格與只剩一格時相比，發射強度竟然相差１０００倍以上，電磁波強度高達０.６Ｗ（瓦特），０.６Ｗ究竟有多強呢？

我無法具體描述它對你的腦袋會有什么不良影響，但可以換成兩個例子來比較：
（１）把喇叭直徑約４公分左右的小型收音機音量開到最大然後貼在耳朵上，那樣的噪音能量一般為０.２５Ｗ，不到０.５Ｗ。
（２）把手指頭放在輸出強度０.１Ｗ的雷射光前面（相當於光纖網絡的幹線能量）幾秒鐘內你會有灼痛的感覺，你能長時間忍受上述這兩種狀況嗎？

◎手機一進水，請切記不要作任何按鍵動作，尤其是關機（一按任何動作，水馬上會跟著電路板流串），正確的方法為馬上打開外蓋，直接將電池拿下，直接強迫斷電，可保主機板不被水侵襲。
這個常識非常重要，故轉告各位，使大家的手機可用久一點。學一學吧！以後以備不時之需啊！

◎如何讓手機電池起死回生當你的行動電話電池使用時間變短（記憶效應或老化）時，你是否會再買一顆電池來更換呢？下次當你碰到這種情況時請省下你的錢，告訴你一個很有效的方法不妨試試看：
（１）把電池用報紙包起來再放進塑料袋裹包好放入冷凍庫三天（報紙可吸收多餘水份）
（２）三天後取出常溫下放二天
（３）二天後將電池充電，充飽後裝進行動電話裹測試（預估可救回８０%～９０%）本訊息由知名電池廠商工程師透，根據測試過的朋友指出效果相當有效！
至於有沒有效果，反正電池快沒用了，而且冰箱人人有，各位朋友不妨試試看吧！

◎給你的手機做個ＣＰＲ吧！
手機是否常斷電？
或是明明充飽了電沒多久就又沒電了？
一定懷疑過是不是手機的壽命終了？
別擔心，它只是一時"心跳停止"，只要一塊小小的橡皮擦就能起死回生了！
把電池取出後用橡皮擦把電池上的接點（黃銅片）擦乾淨，再裝回手機上，你會發現真是太神奇了！
它竟然活過來了！
還像顆新的呢！
真的很有用，提供大家做參考！

原始佛法 -巴利文经藏

本巴利文藏經由 Vipassana Research Institute 提供

PROGRAMMING ROBOTS

PROGRAMMING ROBOTS

Useful robot algorithms in both pseudocode and source code. Because programming is a very huge subject and there are billions of books and tutorials on how to program already written, all I plan to cover is specifically what is important to programming robots not mentioned in common literature.

	Bootloader, Step-by-Step A bootloader is a program used to upload .hex files to your microcontroller without a hardware programmer. Learn how to set up a bootloader for any AVR microcontroller. This will also work for the $50 Robot.
	Computer Vision Tutorial A four part tutorial series that covers vision in biology, image processing, and most vision algorithms.
	Data Logging Tutorial How to use a microcontroller and Hyperterminal for data logging, algorithm debugging, and sensor testing.
	Differential Drive Tutorial Learn about the most basic of robot control drive structures.
	Fuzzy Logic Tutorial Learn how to implement fuzzy logic into your robots.
	Line Following Algorithms Basic robot line following algorithms.
	Microcontroller Cycles Learn how to do timing on microcontrollers without using a hardware timer.
	PID Control Tutorial Implement PID control feedback into your robot feedback control.
	Photoresistor Algorithms - Photovore, Photophobe Learn how how a robot can chase or avoid light.
	Printf() Function Learn more about the C printf() function for microcontrollers. Good reference sheet for printf().
	Robot Simulation Tutorial Learn how and why to simulate your robots.
	Timers for Microcontrollers Sample code for setting up and programming timers for microcontrollers.
	Trigonometry Lookup Table Required if you need real-time trigonometry calculations but have a slow processor (such as for omni-wheel robots).
	UART Tutorial for Microcontrollers Learn how you can use a microcontroller to transmit useful data by USB, serial, and wireless using the UART.
	UART Tutorial Step-by-Step An addition to the UART tutorial, giving you practical step-by-step instructions on how to add UART functionality for any AVR based robot - including your $50 Robot.
	Variables in C Learn tricks about programming variables in C. Good reference chart for variable types.
	Wavefront Pathfinding One of the more basic algorithms for robot pathfinding. Includes additional adaptive mapping features.
	WebbotLib The best AVR Library you'll ever see. Completely and fully documented, large community of users, great support, and entirely free. It has drivers for almost all common robotics hardware/sensors on the market, and is fully compatible with the Axon microcontrollers.
Member Tutorials PWM - an Overview - introduction to coding PWM (and code for AVRs) C Code Optimization - learn advanced code optimization techniques I2C, a 101 - learn how to use I2C